domingo, 27 de marzo de 2016

A Orillas


A orillas - [i][b]A orillas del Vístula azul, bajo un sauce, crece una florecilla más blanca que la nieve. En el espejo de las aguas se mira perezosa y admira su propia lozana belleza. Sobre la hermosa florecilla, brillando al sol, una nube de alegres mariposas revolotean cautivadas por la belleza de la flor a la que no se atreven siquiera a rozar los pétalos. Y la linda florecilla cautivada moviendo la cabeza en el espejo de las aguas, se mira perezosa.[/b][/i] (Boris Godunov, Acto III, de Modest Mussorgski, según la tragedia homónima de Alexander Pushkin) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GE43OdJZ0sk En las márgenes del Douro [b]Feliz fin de semana! Besos / Abrazos!![/b] - Fotolog


A orillas del Vístula azul, bajo un sauce,
crece una florecilla más blanca que la nieve.
En el espejo de las aguas se mira perezosa
y admira su propia lozana belleza.
Sobre la hermosa florecilla, brillando al sol,
una nube de alegres mariposas revolotean
cautivadas por la belleza de la flor
a la que no se atreven siquiera
a rozar los pétalos.
Y la linda florecilla cautivada
moviendo la cabeza
en el espejo de las aguas,
se mira perezosa.


(Boris Godunov, Acto III, de Modest Mussorgski, según la tragedia homónima de Alexander Pushkin)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GE43OdJZ0sk

En las márgenes del Douro

Feliz fin de semana!

Besos / Abrazos!!




el 08 octubre 201029 Vistas

miércoles, 23 de marzo de 2016

Historia genética de España y Portugal

http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/spain_portugal_dna.shtml

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited only through one's mother. As it does not recombine like chromosomes, it can be used in population genetics to trace back ancestry on the matrilineal side and to divide populations into haplogroups. The same can be done on the patrilineal side using the Y-chromosome (Y-DNA), which is inherited exclusively from father to son and does not recombine with the X chromosome. Only a few mutations distinguish the Y chromosome of a man and his father. These mutations are cumulative from generation to generation, so it is easy to trace the family tree of humanity by analyzing these mutations (SNPs) on the Y chromosome and mtDNA.

The majority of Iberian paternal lineages are of Indo-European (R1b, G2a3b1, J2b2 and a small amount of R1a), which can be attributed to the Proto-Celtic and Hallstatt Celtic invaders, and to a lower extent to later Roman and Germanic settlers. In total, these amount to 50-85% of Spanish Y-DNA and 60% of Portuguese Y-DNA. Maternal lineages, on the other hand, appear to have a mostly Neolithic and Mesolithic origin, notably haplogroups H1, H3, HV0, K1a, J1c, J2a1, J2b1a, T2, U5b, V and X, which make up over 80% of the mtDNA in regions like the Basque country or Asturias, and always over 50% of the population of any region.
Western Iberia, from Galicia and Asturias to southern Portugal and western Andalusia, have relatively high percentages of Southwest Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroups (E-M34, J1, J2a, T). Their historical origin is diverse, being the cumulative contributions of Levantine Neolithic herders, Phoenicians, Jews and Arabs, although their exact proportion remains difficult to assess and may vary a lot between regions. What can be ascertained is that northern regions such as Cantabria, Asturias and even Galicia have negligible medieval Arabic, Jewish and Phoenician ancestry, and therefore the presence of Southwest Asian haplogroups should be attributed to Neolithic herders. Maternal Southwest Asian lineages included especially HV, J1d, J2a2, U3, X1 as well as some K, T and X2 subclades. Autosomal data shows a maximum of 12% of Southwest Asian and Red Sea DNA in southern Portugal and western Andalusia, and a minimum of 0% in the Basque country.
Southwest Asian lineages are usually found side with North African lineages, like Y-haplogroup E-M81 and mt-haplogroups L, M1 and U6. The most likely explanation for the presence in Iberia is that they "hitchhiked" with Neolithic herders and medieval Arabic invaders passing through the Maghreb. Some North African lineages may even have come during the late Glacial period. The origin of mtDNA H1, H3 or HV0/V is unclear. They may have have been present in Iberia and/or the Maghreb in the Mesolithic period, since these three lineages are also found all over North Africa. Yet it can't be excluded that they integrated the Neolithic agricultural community in the Maghreb and moved into Iberia at that time. Autosomal data shows an average of 5% of North African DNA in the western half of Iberia, and 1 or 2% in the eastern half.
North-eastern Spain, from the Basque country to Catalonia, was colonised by Neolithic farmers from Italy and France, and consequently has the lowest incidence of Southwest Asian or North African DNA in the peninsula today.
Migrations and settlements in historical times had a smaller impact on the genetic structure of Iberian than Neolithic and Bronze Age events. Only Y-DNA can be used today to measure the contributions of other European populations in Iberia, and even Y-DNA can't yield accurate estimate without large quantities of high-resolution data. The Romans left perhaps between 1% and 15% of Y chromosomes behind them, with a higher proportion along the Mediterranean coast, in Andalusia and in Extremadura. Germanic male lineages now make up about 4% of the overall population, with the highest frequencies (6-10%) observed in the north-west and Catalonia.

Y-DNA frequencies by region

Distribution of Y-DNA haplogroups in Spain and Portugal
Total samples : Spain = 1798 ; Portugal = 1458 ; Sephardic Jews = 174. The Y-DNA frequencies for Lebanon are also indicated for the sake of comparison with the historical Phoenician homeland.
Region/HaplogroupI1I2*/I2aI2bR1aR1bGJ2J*/J1E1b1bTQNSample size
Portugal21.531.5566.59.53142.50.50
Spain1.54.51269381.572.500


  • Andalusia
  • 09.503.558.5310.5210300


  • Aragon
  • 214.51260.5110.505400


  • Asturias
  • 2202.558.588214300


  • Basque country
  • 0.5500851.52.50.52.500.50


  • Cantabria
  • 1328.55510.532.5112.500


  • Castile & Leon
  • 0.520.536456116200


  • Castile-La-Mancha
  • 1.51.50.51.56681045200


  • Catalonia
  • 23.51.51.566.54.57.51.58.5100


  • Extremadura
  • 3.551050511.5018.5500


  • Galicia
  • 32.51.506333.51220.500


  • Valencia
  • 35.51363.516213.51.500
    Sephardic Jews0105131525229620
    (Lebanon)21.51.52.586.5262017.5520

    Sample sizes

     : Under 100 samples 
     : 100 to 250 samples 
     : 250 to 500 samples 
     : 500 to 1000 samples 
     : Over 1000 samples


    MtDNA frequencies by region

    Region/HaplogroupLHVHH1+H3H5HV0+VJT1T2U2U3U4U5UKIWXOtherSize
    Portugal6.40.143.9(26)(2.1)4.86.83.36.31.20.91.76.536.12.21.822.91448
    Spain2.40.744.1(28)(2.6)7.56.62.16.41.11.41.98.11.86.31.11.41.75.52506


  • Andalusia
  • 7.40.844.3(29.5)4.88.92.32.6111.65.71.26.81.31.63.23.1310


  • Aragon
  • 1.2139.3515.8010.90.801.79.604.21.70.80.87.2119


  • Asturias
  • 0154.15.6901.102.2012.32.27.91.11.102.489


  • Basques
  • 0.30.849(44)(2.8)7.97.61.5610.30.811.71.95.30.61.12.31.8618


  • Cantabria
  • 1.62.537.6(27)193.70.42.50.81.22.910.72.53.72.9000.4242


  • Catalonia
  • 3.10.529.57.571.37.61.32.53.810.13.9101.352.53.180


  • Galicia
  • 3.7158.5(34)3.88.61.13.71.600.55.41.54.90.51.61.10.5185




    martes, 22 de marzo de 2016

    Exploraciones españolas en América noroccidental (1765-1822): California, Oregón, Washington, Vancouver (Columbia Británica, Canadá) y Alaska



    https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expediciones_de_España_en_el_Pacífico_Noroeste

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest

    https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Испанские экспедиции к северо-западному побережью Америки


    https://books.google.es/books/about/El_final_del_descubrimiento_de_America.html?id=6bHIVUrLs7AC&redir_esc=y

    https://www.amazon.es/Final-del-descubrimiento-america-CALIFORNIA/dp/8483710404

    http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/la-expedicion-malaspina/expedicion-malaspina-ultima-frontera/999838/


    Los primeros europeos en llegar a la Columbia Británica fueron los españoles quienes realizaron sus exploraciones iniciales ya en el siglo XVI (véase historia de California) con las expediciones de Juan de Fuca, Lorenzo Ferrer Maldonado, Bartolomé de Fonte en busca del estrecho de Anián; luego, a fines del siglo XVIII, ante las incursiones y reclamaciones de rusos procedentes de Alaska e ingleses. España extendió sus reclamaciones por el norte hasta el paralelo 60°N (nada menos que hasta el sur de la actual Alaska) enviando varias expediciones entre las que se destacaron las de Juan José Pérez Hernández, Manuel Quimper, Francisco de Eliza , Jacinto Caamaño, Dionisio Alcalá Galiano, Cayetano Valdés, Gonzalo López de Haro, Pedro Alberni, Francisco Antonio Mourelle, Salvador Fidalgo, Juan Carrasco, José María Narváez, Bruno de Heceta, Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra y Alejandro Malaspina. Uno de los núcleos de los españoles fue establecido en la isla de Quadra y en el fuerte de San Miguel de Nutcas en la isla de Nutka al mando de Esteban José Martínez (ver: Territorio de Nutca) quedando el territorio incorporado al Virreinato de Nueva España, pero ante la presión conjunta de ingleses y rusos España hubo de retroceder, por la Convención de Nutca el límite español (que era también el límite de la Alta California) bajó a los 49°N (aproximadamente el límite sur del Canadá) este fue el límite español hasta el tratado Adams-Onís de 1820. En esa época el territorio de la Columbia Británica correspondía aproximadamente a la mitad norte del litigado Territorio de Oregón.

    https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Brit%C3%A1nica

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia

    https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_de_Nutka

    https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Alaska

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alaska

    https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/История Аляски

    https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_rusa

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_America

    https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Русская Америка

    http://www.kodiakisland.net/timeline.php

    https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenciones_de_Nutka

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootka_Convention

    https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Adams-On%C3%ADs

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty

    http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/microsites/malaspina/index.html

    http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/microsites/malaspina/MAQUETA__MALASPINA_DEFIN.pdf

    http://librodenotas.com/resenas/19897/andres-galera-gomez-las-corbetas-del-rey

    https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_Malaspina

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaspina_Expedition

    https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Экспедиция Маласпины



    https://youtu.be/rrr9sosCF6M

    https://youtu.be/uq5Wqql9fcA

    https://youtu.be/6pXp1hDLKO0

    https://youtu.be/g8q9puKN5nU

    https://youtu.be/d5h6xMac6ps